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Accelerating along the road to the COSMO project
The circular polarization measurements of Lin and colleagues
provide the critical confirmation sought for 4 decades that
measurements of magnetic field strength can be achieved with
magnetic dipole coronal lines. Several other areas of needed
progress have also been treated in recent years.
- Theoretical exploration of the strength of magnetic
dipole lines in the solar corona. Prompted by Kuhn's
1995 study, and discussions with A. Hundhausen,
Judge (1998) computed the intensity spectrum of magnetic
dipole lines under quiet coronal conditions, irrespective of
wavelength, to try to identify all promising lines for the
measurement of circular polarization.
Judge et al (2000) used this work with synthetic transmission
profiles of the earth's atmosphere to assess the most
promising emission lines for circular polarization measurements.
They concluded that lines of Fe XIII, Si X, Si IX, and perhaps Mg
VIII should be the best candidates.
- Supporting IR measurements. Groups in
Hawaii, HAO and NSO have made important measurements of
previously unobserved lines and of more accurate wavelengths
required to assess the likely impact of telluric absorption lines
on potentially important lines.
Kuhn et al. (1994) obtained IR spectra during the 1994
eclipse. They detected a line of S IX at 1.252 microns for the
first time, the strong lines of Fe XIII, and, building on an
earlier aircraft-based detection during the 1966 eclipse by
Munch et al. (1967), an important line of Si X at 1.43
microns.
Using the 40 cm Evans coronagraph,
Penn & Kuhn (1994) measured the important 1.43 micron
line of Si X, deriving an accurate rest wavelength and intensity.
Penn & Kuhn also secured accurate new wavelengths for the Fe
XIII infrared lines.
Kuhn et al. (1999) obtained data in a filter near 3.93
microns from an aircraft platform during the eclipse of 28
February 1998, aiming to detect the line of Si IX predicted to be
strong by
Judge in 1998. With EUV data of lines of Si IX, Kuhn et al.
tentatively claimed a detection of the 3.93 micron line of Si IX.
Judge et al. (2002) followed up with spectroscopic
measurements of the same line using the McMath-Pierce telescope
on Kitt Peak, and were able not only to provide a definitive
detection, but also to measure a new rest wavelength which places
the blue wing of the line under a strong telluric N2O line. In
the active regions observed, the line's intensity is
comparable to or larger than predicted in earlier work for the
quiet Sun.
Unpublished work by Elmore and Judge on data sampled near kHz
frequencies at the Mk IV coronagraph on Mauna Loa shows that the
passage of dust and/or bugs between the telescope and sun can be
expected to dominate spurious signals which can, for poor sites,
dominate the noise expected in coronagraph measurements of the
corona.
- Instrumental development.
Kuhn et al. (2003) designed and constructed the prototye
SOLARC off-axis reflecting coronagraph. Important science results
were reported by
Lin et al. (2004), who also reportred the first results with
a new fiber-fed IR spectrograph.
Tomczyk and colleagues (
Darnell et al. 2003,
Tomczyk 2003) have developed a new multi-channel polarimeter
for coronal magnetic field measurements (COMP). The instrument
uses tunable Lyot filters with widths of roughly 0.1 nm, and
observes lines of He I and Fe XIII between 1.075 and 1.083 nm.
The instrument has been operated since then at the 20cm
``One-Shot'' corongraph on Sacramento Peak developed by
Smartt. First results have been presented by
Tomczyk et al. (2004).
- Theoretical and numerical work on the polarization of
magnetic dipole in the solar corona.
As already noted, full statistical equilibrium calculations
including collisional depolarization have been made for both Fe
XIV and Fe XIII were made by
Sahal-Brechot (1974a),
Sahal-Brechot (1974b), (
House 1977,
Sahal-Brechot 1977, and
House et al. 1982).
Querfeld (1982) derived a method to "invert" the
magnetic dipole data for Fe XIII lines. These methods are put in
context by paper V in a series by Judge and colleagues (see
below).
Penn et al. (2004) studied the influence of background
noise-induced statistical errors in the determination of thermal
and magnetic parameters, in particular from the Fe XIII magnetic
dipole lines.
The article by
Judge (1998) is the first in a series of, so far, five
articles in the series "Spectral Lines for Polarization
Measurements of the Coronal Magnetic Field". The second
article provides a consistent theoretical treatment of the
formation of the magnetic dipole lines (
Casini & Judge 1999, see
erratum). The third (
Brage et al. 2000) computed atomic data for Si IX. The
fourth, "Stokes Signals in Current-carrying Fields" (
Judge et al 2006), presents the first simulations of the
magnetic dipole signals in current carrying (i.e. non-potential)
fields. The morphology of maps of linear polarization is found to
be particularly sensitive to the existence and strength of the
current sheets, as field lines wrap around them according to the
Biot-Savart law. Measurements of magnetic dipole lines can in
principal reveal the presence and nature of current systems in
the corona, potentially a major step in coronal physics. The
fifth paper (Judge 2006, in draft form) studies the information
content of magnetic dipole lines, starting with inverse
methodology but examining other methods (forward modeling,
tomography, simple "one-point" diagnostic methods), and
develops a method by which the well known Van Vleck ambiguity
might be resolved.
In parallel,
Lin & Casini (2002) developed the classical theory for
the formation of the "normal" J=1 to J=0
transitions.
Judge & Casini (2001) have written a computer program for
the general calculation of magnetic dipole coronal lines based
upon the formalism of (
Casini & Judge 1999). Results are presented there and in
(
Judge et al 2006), where the formalism for particle
collisions is discussed in an appendix.
Kramar & Inhester have studied how tomography might be
used to determine magnetic fields, together with constraints from
photospheric magnetic field measurements and the divergence-free
condition (see their articles from
2004,
2005 and
2006. The technique appears promising, Stokes I,V data
recovering many aspects of models with both potential and
current-carrying fields using 1 observation per day for 14 days
or so (half a solar rotation). However, data obtained from
vantage points in the ecliptic plane alone is sensitive only to
certain magnetic field structures. Full vector field
reconstructions require either observations from higher
heliographic latitudes, or observations including the linear
polarization components. (To avoid potential confusion, note that
Kramar & Inhester call the linear polarization induced by
resonance scattering in magnetic dipole lines the "Hanle
effect". This is not quite correct- the lines are formed in
the very strong field limit of the Hanle effect in which the
sub-levels therefore evolve incoherently).
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